Freeze-Thaw Cycles
Chicago experiences an estimated 40–60+ freeze-thaw cycles annually. Each cycle forces water to expand approximately 9% inside masonry pores, mortar joints, and concrete cracks—creating progressive, cumulative pressure that causes spalling, cracking, mortar deterioration, and structural distress over time.
“The freeze-thaw cycle damages masonry by trapping water in its pores, which expands by approximately 9% when it freezes. That 9% expansion exerts immense pressure that cracks and weakens brick, stone, and mortar.”
— Dylan Reynolds, Project Manager, RSI